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19th and 20th centuries

John Finnis

born 1940 · Australia and United Kingdom · Professor of law and legal philosophy at Oxford

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Read this first. These are short summaries of large lives and bodies of work, chosen to give a first map of legal thought, not a ranking. Dates are the standard ones, with 'c.' or 'active' where they are uncertain. We paraphrase and never quote, and each summary simplifies. Read the original works before you cite anyone. This is general information, not legal advice.

1800 BCAD 2000

Life and ideas

John Finnis, born in Adelaide in 1940, studied at Oxford as a Rhodes scholar under H.L.A. Hart and became Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy at Oxford as well as a professor at Notre Dame in the United States. His Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980) renewed the natural law tradition in a form that does not rest on religion or on claims about human nature but on seven basic goods that are self-evidently worth pursuing, such as life, knowledge, play, friendship and practical reasonableness. The requirements of practical reasonableness yield moral principles, and law's role is to coordinate the pursuit of the common good. A rule that grossly violates them has less than the full authority of law, though it may remain law in a lesser sense. His work also covers authority, rights and the ethics of public life.

The big idea

There are basic goods that anyone can see are worth pursuing, such as life, knowledge, friendship and play, and practical reasonableness shows how law should serve the common good of a community that protects them.

Main work

Natural Law and Natural Rights (1980)

Legacy

The leading modern restatement of the classical natural law tradition.

The school of thought

  • Natural Law Theory: Law gets its force from morality: a gravely unjust rule is not truly law, or not fully law.
← Earlier: Ronald DworkinLater: Catharine A. MacKinnon →

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