Indonesia

• The Constitution of 1945 (as amended)
• Statutes, and colonial-era Dutch codes that remain partly in force
• Customary law (adat), important for land and family matters in many regions
• Islamic law, applied by religious courts for Muslims in family matters

• The Supreme Court at the top of the ordinary, religious, administrative and military courts
• The Constitutional Court, which reviews laws against the Constitution
• District courts, with religious courts beside them for Muslim family law

A law degree, a course for advocates, an exam and a period of apprenticeship, followed by admission as an advocate.

• Religious courts for Muslims sit beside the ordinary courts.
• The province of Aceh applies its own Sharia rules.
• Customary law, adat, is recognised, especially in land and family disputes.
• A Constitutional Court was created in the early 2000s to review laws.

Netherlands, South Africa, Pakistan, Malaysia, France

The University of Ottawa’s JuriGlobe database lists Indonesia as: Civil law, Muslim, Customary. It names the systems in order of importance.

The map colours a country by the first-named system, and shows both civil-law and common-law countries as “mixed”. It is a simplification, and real systems are rarely pure.

Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria.

• Constitutional Court of Indonesia (English pages)
• Supreme Court of Indonesia

Sources last reviewed: October 2026.